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- |Present - 65 my bp CENOZOIC ERA
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- |Present - 2.5 my bp Quarternary Period:
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- |Present - 0.01 my bp Holocene Epoch:
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- Major melting of ice sheets and rise in sea level.
- Land bridge between North America and Siberia submerges.
- Lakes with high water levels across Africa, Arabia and India.
- Development of modern man.
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- |0.01 - 2.5 my bp Pleistocene Epoch:
- Stone Age: the earliest-known stone implements of man.
- Ice ages occur in the northern hemisphere.
- Most of the Great Barrier Reef starts to grow.
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- |2.5 - 65 my bp Tertiary Period:
- |2.5 - 7 my bp Pliocene Epoch:
- Colorado begins carving the Grand Canyon.
- Rhinoceroses become extinct in North America.
- Land bridge between North and South American reestablished.
- Possible development of primitive Man.
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- |7 - 26 my bp Miocene Epoch:
- Initial growth of Great Barrier Reef.
- Creation of the Alps, Atlas, Balkans, Carpathians and Pyrenees mountains.
- Buildup of Antarctic ice cap greatly affects oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns.
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- |26 - 38 my bp Oligocene Epoch:
- Evolution of horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs.
- Uplifting of Andes Mountains creates Amazon Basin, which forms a huge freshwater lake.
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- |38 - 54 my bp Eocene Epoch:
- Formation of the Himalayas from the collision of India with Eurasia.
- First appearance of whales.
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- |54 - 65 my bp Paleocene Epoch:
- Mammals become the dominant land dwellers.
- Australia splits off from Antarctica and moves northwards.
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- |65 - 225 my bp MESOZOIC ERA (Age of the Reptiles)
- |65 - 136 my bp Cretaceous Period:
- Sudden extinction of dinosaurs as the end of this period.
- Advance of shallow seas creates swamps, forming oil and gas fields, i.e. Persian Gulf.
- Circum-Pacific mountain building in Japan, Russia, North and South America.
- Extensive submarine volcano activity in the central and western Pacific Ocean.
- Ammonites predominant marine invertebrate, final stage in their evolution.
- Abundant marine lizards and fish-like reptiles.
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- |136 - 190 my bp Jurassic Period:
- Dominance of dinosaurs, largest land animals in the history of the earth.
- Evolution and expansion of Scleractinia with worldwide reef formation.
- Development of birds and mammals begin modern life forms.
- Breakup of the supercontinent Pangea into Laurasia and Gondwanaland.
- Sponges attain their greatest prevalence.
- Earliest true lobster and appearance of primitive crabs.
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- |190 - 225 my bp Triassic Period:
- Appearance of crocodiles, dinosaurs, lizards and turtles.
- First-known mammals inhabit China.
- Emergence of large continental areas from shallow seas.
- Ammonites largest group of surviving marine invertebrates.
- Widespread dry climates, but some large forests, i.e. Petrified Forest of Arizona.
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- |225 - 570 my bp PALEOZOIC ERA
- |225 - 280 my bp Permian Period:
- Significant extinctions among marine invertebrates, i.e. rugose corals and trilobites.
- Major evolution of reptiles.
- Kaibab Limestone of the Grand Canyon laid down.
- Intense folding of Appalachian Mountains; uplifting of Ural Mountains in Russia.
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- |280 - 325 my bp Pennsylvanian Period:
- Period of mountain building in British Isles and northern Europe.
- World's most significant coal deposits occur in rock from this period.
- First reptiles.
- Eastern South America, Africa south of the equator, India and Australia covered by ice caps.
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- |325 - 345 my bp Mississippian Period:
- The 'Amphibian Age:' marine animals take to swamps on land.
- Extensive development of plants and trees in bogs and swamp forests.
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- |345 - 395 my bp Devonian Period:
- 'Age of the fishes:' first record of ray-finned fishes and sharks.
- Development of amphibians in the Late Devonian through to the end of the Triassic.
- Earliest insect found in Russia.
- Formation of first forests, i.e. Gilboa forest of New York.
- Mountain building in northwest Europe.
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- |395 - 430 my bp Silurian Period:
- Emergence of jawed fishes.
- Widespread shallow seas exist in North and South America.
- First primitive land plants.
- Extensive formation of reefs.
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- |430 - 500 my bp Ordovician Period:
- Trilobites undergo a major evolution.
- Increase in numbers and varieties of invertebrates.
- Appearance of Rugose corals.
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- |500 - 570 my bp Cambrian Period:
- Earliest fossil record of sponges dated at about 550 my bp.
- Appearance of first snails, squid and starfish.
- Trilobites are the dominant marine invertebrate.
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- |570 - 4,600 my bp PRECAMBRIAN ERA:
- Oldest fossils of soft-bodied, multi-celled animals.
- Single-celled marine bacteria and blue-green algae are dominant forms of life.
- Microbial communities exist in the ocean, the first evidence of life.
- |4,600 my bp Formation of Earth's crust.
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